Presentamos, a modo de introducción al número, algunos aspectos que ayuden a enmarcar la aproximación al estudio comparado de las propuestas filosóficas de Xavier Zubiri y Polo. Mostramos la influencia que tuvieron en ambos las corrientes renovadoras del primer tercio del siglo XX y el interés de ambos en continuar y, a la vez, renovar, el pensamiento filosófico anterior, siempre en continuo diálogo con la tradición clásica. Hacemos también mención a las particularidades de la recepción de sus filosofías y a (...) las inquietudes intelectuales comunes ante el problema de Dios, la creación y la persona y su trascendencia. (shrink)

La prolongada crisis que sufrimos desde hace ya cinco largos años ha pasado de ser una crisis económica a una crisis global que afecta a las estructuras y al modelo de sociedad en el que vivimos. Uno de los indicadores más claros de ello es el dramático aumento de las desigualdades sociales que, si bien han venido incrementándose en esta última década en una gran parte de los estados desarrollados, en los países donde la crisis está afectando más gravemente la (...) situación se está disparando. (shrink)

Para el transhumanismo, la humanidad es una etapa que, guiada por la evolución biológica, estuvo precedida por otras anteriores y a la que seguirán otras nuevas. Según el transhumanismo hemos de romper la inercia de causas ciegas que gobierna la evolución y, a través de la biotecnología, alcanzar lo que denominan una “vida mejor”. Los autores afines a esta corriente desarrollan sus propuestas negando la existencia de una naturaleza humana, pero sin abandonar la convicción de que resulta posible definir en (...) qué consiste una “vida mejor”. En este artículo analizamos la claridad y el rigor con la que presentan el fin último de su propuesta, la relación entre el fin y los medios planteados para alcanzarlo, y, finalmente, pondremos de manifiesto algunas inconsistencias derivadas de su rechazo de que la naturaleza humana pueda tener valor normativo. (shrink)

This article is a review and reflection of the new elements of rights and laws, applied to the principle of justice and sovereignty, but above all in the demonstration that law as a science once again allows us to conceive that as a science it evolves and must be modified according to the new conducts that the State and society require, such is the case of the constitutional recognition that this type of rights have. In the last decades, human beings (...) have evidenced that the way in which they interact with nature is causing serious consequences to the ecosystems that compose it. In the past, these consequences were not yet evident and, therefore, the environmental awareness that exists today did not exist. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and reflect on certain conditions of this right in Ecuador. (shrink)

POSADA KUBISSA, Luisa, Sexo y Esencia. De esencialismos encubiertos y esencialismos heredados: desde un feminismo nominalista, ed. Horas y Horas, col. Cuadernos Inacabados, Madrid, 1998, pp. 147.

Soledad Murillo, ha ocupado el primer cargo político en materia de igualdad en la octava legislatura 2004-2008 como Secretaria de Políticas de Igualdad, participando activamente en la Ley contra la Violencia de Género y la Ley de Igualdad efectiva entre Mujeres y Hombres.Actualmente es la Directora de la Unidad de Igualdad de la Universidad de Salamanca, donde trabaja como profesora de sociología. Y es miembro del Comité Antidiscriminación de la Mujer de Naciones Unidas. (CEDAW). Sus principales líneas de investigación (...) son el análisis del tiempo en cuanto a las tensiones que genera compatibilizar mercado de trabajo con vida familiar —analizando por qué es un problema femenino y no masculino la conciliación—. (shrink)

The ultimate source of explanation in biology is the principle of natural selection. Natural selection means differential reproduction of genes and gene combinations. It is a mechanistic process which accounts for the existence in living organisms of end-directed structures and processes. It is argued that teleological explanations in biology are not only acceptable but indeed indispensable. There are at least three categories of biological phenomena where teleological explanations are appropriate.

This paper proposes a basic revision of the understanding of teleology in biological sciences. Since Kant, it has become customary to view purposiveness in organisms as a bias added by the observer; the recent notion of teleonomy expresses well this as-if character of natural purposes. In recent developments in science, however, notions such as self-organization (or complex systems) and the autopoiesis viewpoint, have displaced emergence and circular self-production as central features of life. Contrary to an often superficial reading, Kant gives (...) a multi-faceted account of the living, and anticipates this modern reading of the organism, even introducing the term self-organization for the first time. Our re-reading of Kant in this light is strengthened by a group of philosophers of biology, with Hans Jonas as the central figure, who put back on center stage an organism-centered view of the living, an autonomous center of concern capable of providing an interior perspective. Thus, what is present in nuce in Kant, finds a convergent development from this current of philosophy of biology and the scientific ideas around autopoeisis, two independent but parallel developments culminating in the 1970s. Instead of viewing meaning or value as artifacts or illusions, both agree on a new understanding of a form of immanent teleology as truly biological features, inevitably intertwined with the self-establishment of an identity which is the living process. (shrink)

En este artículo de investigación se muestra, que durante la fabricación de hierro, las escorias han sido una fuente información del producto obtenido. Esto aplica a toda la historia de la fabricación de este metal desde el inicio de la edad del hierro. Los estudios en este campo se conocen como arqueo de metalurgia y se inicia desde la paleo metalurgia hasta el presente. Las escorias primitivas obtenidas a partir de su separación de la masa de hierro sólida obtenidas en (...) procesos muy primitivos y más modernas como la forja catalana. Estudios petrográficos, de difracción de rayos X y de fluorescencia de rayos x, han revelado la existencia fayalita, en escorias siderometalúrgicas antigüas a temperaturas por debajo del punto eutéctico,deducidas como entre 1150°C y 1200°C. Más recientemente, la presencia de fayalita ha sido revelada en procesos de reducción operando con temperaturas menores a los 900°C. En este documento se presenta una explicación para tal hecho mediante un análisis de las energías asociadas a los sistemas. Cerámicos compuestos de FeO- SiO2-MgO- P2O5 presentes en dichos procesos. Palabras Clave: Hornos de fundición, hierro, experimentos, escorias, análisis, fayalita. Referencias [1]S.Rovira., “Museo Arqueológico Nacional/Univ. Autónoma de Madrid”, Francisco Burillo. Experimentos de Fundición de Minerales de Hierro en la Ciudad-Estado Celtibérica de Segeda, 2004. [2]F.Gómez., “Minería y metalurgia en la antigüedad”. Trabajo Titular de Ciencia dos Materiais e Ingeniería Metalúrgica. Ferrol, Universidad de Coruña, 2006. [3]E.Ringdalen. “Parámetros de reacción del cuarzo en la producción del óxido de los materiales” Rev. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2016, pp. 43-49. [4]M.Meyer. “Caracterización de fase y micro estructural de pellet de mineral de hierro y su relación con prueba de fuerza de trituración en frío”. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review An International Journal, 2016. [5]Z.Sheng. “Relación entre el óxido Férrico y el sistema Fe2O3-SiO2 Al2O3”, 2015. [6]D.Fuller. “Fenómenos de Sinterización de finos en proceso de reducción directa”. Puerto Ordaz,1965. [7]O.Dam. “Microfotografías de muestras de minerales Australiano y Venezolano procesados en el reactor wustitico, mostrando la presencia de fase Fayalita”, 1993. [8]Q.Odeta. “Study on Formation Mechanism of Fayalite by Solid State Reaction in Sintering Process”, 2017. (shrink)

The article presents a set of articles on the present and projection of the scholastic tradition. The starting point is the anthropological turn that, within scholasticism and at the beginning of the fourteenth century, privileged the study of ethics, law and politics and, consequently, the forced development of a moral theology concerned with the human coexistence. The second scholasticism, prolonging this tradition throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, could not remain oblivious to the implications of the profound changes that were (...) taking place: the Discovery of America, the Protestant Reformation, the development of a commercial proto-capitalism and the strengthening of the monarchies. As the Reformation was consolidated in a good part of the European territories, intellectual borders were raised between the various confessions. However - and this is the focus of the papers presented - these borders were porous and, despite the climate of confrontation, various indirect communication channels managed to maintain a single intellectual republic. (shrink)

A partir da construção histórica dos três modelos identificados no constitucionalismo latinoamericanopor Roberto Gargarella, o presente trabalho explora o núcleo diferenciador das propostas de organização e exercício do poder de matriz radical (também chamada de republicana), sobretudo por meio do pensamento de José Gervasio Artigas (Uruguai), Francisco de Paula Gonzales Vigil (Peru), Manuel Murillo Toro (Colômbia) e Francisco Bilbao (Chile). Na sequência, busca-se apontar os mecanismos inconciliáveis entre o modelo radical e aquele adotado pela Constituição brasileira vigente, (...) com o fim de evidenciar as mudanças imprescindíveis à verticalização do regime democrático no que diz respeito à organicidade constitucional. (shrink)

Algumas abordagens antirrepresentacionalistas da cognição têm se tornado cada vez mais populares, e muitos de seus defensores as veem como promissoras de um novo paradigma para a ciência cognitiva. Neste manuscrito, concentro-me em duas dessas abordagens para argumentar que elas não contêm uma explicação adequada das ilusões perceptuais - e que talvez não possam fornecê-la. Minha alegação é que, sem um tratamento adequado de um fenômeno perceptual tão comum, elas dificilmente podem ser vistas como parte de um novo paradigma. Começo (...) descrevendo o contexto em que essas abordagens surgiram e se desenvolveram e, na segunda parte, apresento três tratamentos de ilusões perceptuais provenientes das abordagens em questão. A terceira parte faz um desvio sobre a noção de ilusão perceptual, já que a avaliação dessas explicações das ilusões parece exigir isso. Em seguida, a quarta parte é dedicada à avaliação dessas explicações das ilusões, discutindo a introdução da linguagem normativa, o apelo a noções como propriedade “dependente da situação” e se uma definição proposta de ilusão se ajusta à nossa compreensão atual delas, bem como a rejeição de inferências de comportamento inadequado que parecem abdutivamente legítimas. Argumento que esses relatos de ilusões perceptuais não atingem seu objetivo. Traduzido com a versão gratuita do tradutor - DeepL.com. (shrink)

The second decade of the 21st century has seen the emergence and establishment of a series of movements that have led to the rise of Eurosceptic parties in France and Germany and the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Considering the current political context and given the lack of studies addressing this object of study, this paper analyses the role of metaphor and metonymy in Eurosceptic discourse in French and Spanish. To this end, once the theoretical fundamentals (...) of this research has been submitted, the compiled textual corpus is presented. This corpus consists of documents, political programmes and manifestos drafted by a number of openly Eurosceptic political parties in France, Switzerland and Spain. From this corpus, the underlying conceptual metaphors have been analyzed, as well as the orientational metaphors and the documented metonymies from the metaphorical expressions used. This study concludes that metaphor is, in political discourse, an effective means of transmitting a certain ideology. Thus, the most used conceptual metaphors have been THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A WAY, THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A FIGHT and POLITICS ARE A FIGHT. It is also concluded that the use of metaphor is capable of changing the citizen’s perception and conception of European Community policies and the European Union. (shrink)

The critic against subject-predicate propositions is a Russell’s feature. See for example A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz. However, in The Principles of Mathematics Russell goes back to the subject-predicate form but in the context of his contribuition to the development of Modern Logic and his philosophy of mathematics.

In der Fünften metaphysischen Disputation behandelt Suárez die Definition der Individualität, das metaphysische Individuationsprinzip und das physische Individuationsprinzip der Substanzen und Akzidentien. Die Darlegung berücksichtigt einen großen Teil der damals maßgeblichen Literatur und gibt zugleich einen Eindruck von der Schulphysik des späten 16. Jahrhunderts.

In der Fünften metaphysischen Disputation behandelt Suárez (1548-1617) die Definition der Individualität, das metaphysische Individuationsprinzip (Individualdifferenz) und das physische Individuationsprinzip der Substanzen und Akzidentien. Die Darlegung berücksichtigt einen großen Teil der damals maßgeblichen Literatur und gibt zugleich einen Eindruck von der Schulphysik des späten 16. Jahrhunderts.

ABSTRACT Republic Act 9710, or the Magna Carta of Women (MCW), is considered the Philippine version or national law translation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Using the concept of impact translation as a framework and the Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA) approach, this article examines the MCW and the minutes of committee meetings, particularly the bicameral conference committee meeting where lawmakers agreed on the finalized version of the bill. It applies the (...) concept of gender relationality in examining how legislators negotiated the provisions of the MCW, particularly those on reproductive health and the definition of gender. The analysis shows that these provisions challenged Catholic doctrines specifically on gender, childbearing, and pre-marital sexual relations. It argues that the Catholic conception of gender norms and women’s role in society shaped the law’s final version, disregarding the CEDAW Committee recommendations on abortion. Findings suggest that the legislators’ fear that the law’s ratification would serve as an opening for the legalization of abortion led to a weakened version of the law, particularly the section on women’s reproductive health. (shrink)

Interpretations of Einstein’s equation differ primarily concerning whether E = mc2 entails that mass and energy are the same property of physical systems, and hence whether there is any sense in which mass is ever ‘converted’ into energy. In this paper, I examine six interpretations of Einstein’s equation and argue that all but one fail to satisfy a minimal set of conditions that all interpretations of physical theories ought to satisfy. I argue that we should prefer the interpretation of Einstein’s (...) equation that holds that mass and energy are distinct properties of physical systems. This interpretation also carries along the view that while most cases of ‘conversion’ are not genuine examples of mass being ‘converted’ into energy, it is possible that the there are such ‘conversions’ in the sense that a certain amount of energy ‘appears’ and an equivalent of mass ‘disappears’. Finally, I suggest that the interpretation I defend is the only one that does not blur the distinction between what Einstein called ‘principle’ and ‘constructive’ theories. This is philosophically significant because it emphasizes that explanations of Einstein’s equation and the ‘conversion’ of mass and energy must be top‐down explanations. (shrink)

Uno de los principales desafíos que debe enfrentar el representacionalismo es dar cuenta de manera consistente de la posibilidad de escenarios en que la atención encubierta altera la fenomenología de nuestras experiencias visuales. Este trabajo intenta poner de relieve los compromisos y dificultades internas de tres estrategias representacionales diferentes para enfrentar este desafío: la estrategia de contenidos indeterminados, la estrategia de la ilusión masiva y el proyecto narcisista que apela a propiedades relacionales indexadas a la atención. Se argumentará que este (...) último posee virtudes comparativas evidentes quela literatura ha ignorado y que justifican su desarrollo en profundidad. (shrink)

Between Faith and Reason is a description of the interaction between our need to believe and our ability to reason. Faced with a reality that threatens him emotionally, man develops and adheres to articles of faith that help him cope with that reality. The author cuts through conflicting interpretations of the human condition to a simple but powerful internal dynamic which points to the fact that reason is always disequilibrating. he book attempts no ultimate explanation of the conflict between rational (...) knowledge and emotional uncertainty, but calls attention to its presence and emphasizes the need to cast a comprehensive and honest view over this conflict if we are ever to make sense of our actions. (shrink)

El sustantivo πραπίς / πραπίδες presenta diversos usos en los poemas homéricos, de acuerdo con diferentes campos semánticos que van desde lo anatómico a lo cognoscitivo. Desde la Antigüedad se intentó clarificar el sentido básico del término, equiparándolo con los distintos campos semánticos que comprende el sustantivo φρήν / φρένες. El término no aparece nunca en singular en los poemas homéricos sino siempre en plural.. Este trabajo pretende clarificar, en general, la significación del término y, en particular, el sentido que (...) adquiere cuando es empleado en singular, apelando tanto al recurso de reconstrucción de una hipotética raíz indoeuropea como a conceptos de la teoría cognitiva-prototípica como los de conceptualización, metonimización, metaforización y modelización. The word πραπίς / πραπίδες has diverse uses in the Homeric poems according to different semantic fields going from the anatomical to the cognitive. Since antiquity it has been tried to explain the proper sense of the term comparing it with the diverse semantic fields that present the word φρήν / φρένες. The term does never appear in its singular form in the Homeric poems but always in its plural form. The purpose of this work is to explain the meaning of the term in general, and in particular, the sense of the term in singular number, appealing both to device of a hypothetical reconstruction of Indo-European root as notions of the cognitive-prototype theory such as conceptualization, metonymization, metaphorization and modeling. (shrink)